Hi,
No screenshots were attached to your message. So I'll suppose that you're using authorize.net in AIM mode.
1. At the end of the checkout, the credit card transaction is processed and if it fails, the system automatically clears the credit card data, cancels the order creation, and brings you back to the last step of the checkout with an error message. There is no system to return to another step than the last one, but you can have it return to the payment step by simply having it at the last step.
2. As the credit card data is cleared if the transaction fails, they see again the credit card input form where they can enter the credit card information again if they want.
3. Yes. There are specific translation overrides you can create for the titles of the checkout steps:
hikashop.com/download/languages.html#modify
take.ms/qFg8W