Hi,
If a category image is listed in a HikaShop content module, then either you have some caching on the module preventing you from seeing the change, or the category is still there in the database.
Normally, the images are clikable on the listing. If the link doesn't output a 404 error, then the category was found by the system and it's not a caching issue.
I see that in your module, you have the id of the categories in the URLs.
So you can go in the categories listing of the backend, open a random category, and in the URL of the address bar, replace its id by the id of that "phantom category" from the URL in the module. Once you validate, you'll see the edit page of that phantom category and you can unpublish it.