Hi,
If you right click on the image link in your browser inspector and then open it on a new tab, you'll see that the URL becomes
https://www.musicfromhell.nl/en/satanz-shop-uk/images/com_hikashop/upload/cart/cart-full_optimized.png
As you can see, the problem is that en/satanz-shop-uk is added between the website main URL and the relative URL of your image.
The fact that the URL is changed in the img tag is probably because of the system SEF plugin where there is an option to modify the URLs on the fly.
Also, you might want to try to do your translation override like this:
X_ITEM_FOR_X="%s <img src='/images/com_hikashop/upload/cart/cart-full-test.png'/>"