Hi,
This really looks like a PHP error of some sort.
But it could also be that you have an exit somewhere, like in an email preload, a custom plugin, or a view override.
So I went in your backend to check on these.
First, I looked at the emails, and didn't see any override.
Then, I looked at your view overrides and I found many of them. So I looked at the ones relative to the checkout and especially the "end" one which is the one used on the checkout/confirm page.
And I found you have a die() there to display a blank page:
i.imgur.com/krMzBnu.png
So the result is actually normal. It does what is written in the view override.