Shipping Surcharge on orders less than a certain amount

Hi,

Yes. You could duplicate your shipping methods and for one set, use the "minimum price" setting to enter the threshold, and for the other set, use the "maximum price" to enter the same threshold and then increase the "price" of the shipping method.
That way, on the checkout, it will switch between one set of the shipping methods and the other set based on the subtotal of the cart, and the shipping fee will thus increase/decrease accordingly.
Now, if you want another row to clearly show that it is an additional fee, you could potentially do the same with the payment methods and that will add the extra fee as "payment fee". Then, you can use translation overrides and maybe some CSS to tweak it to display as "extra shipping fee".